Breathing easy: Regular intake of apples and tomatoes could help lung function

The study, led by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health reports that adults who on average ate more than two tomatoes or more than three portions of fresh fruit a day had a slower decline in lung function compared to those who ate less than one tomato or less than one portion of fruit a day, respectively.

Writing in the European Respiratory Journal, ​the team also found the natural decline in lung function over a 10-year period was slower among former smokers with a diet high in tomatoes and fruits, especially apples – suggesting certain components in these foods might help restore lung damage caused by smoking.

"This study shows that diet might help repair lung damage in people who have stopped smoking,”​ said Vanessa Garcia-Larsen, assistant professor in the Bloomberg School's Department of International Health and the study's lead author. “It also suggests that a diet rich in fruits can slow down the lung's natural aging process even if you have never smoked."​

Garcia-Larsen added that the findings also support the need for a greater focus on dietary recommendations, especially for people at risk of developing respiratory diseases such as COPD.

“Diet could become one way of combating rising diagnosis of COPD around the world,”​ she said.

Study details​

The paper, which is part of the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts (ALEC) Study, funded by the European Commission and led by Imperial College London, assessed diet and lung function of more than 650 adults in 2002, and then repeated lung function tests on the same group of participants 10 years later.

Participants from three European countries -- Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom -- completed questionnaires assessing their diets and overall nutritional intake. They also underwent spirometry, a procedure that measures the capacity of lungs to take in oxygen.

These test collects two standard measurements of lung function: Forced Exhaled Volume in 1 second (FEV1), which measures how much air a person can expel from their lungs in one second; and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), the total amount of air a person can inhale in 6 seconds.

The study controlled for factors such as age, height, sex, body mass index (an indicator of obesity), socio-economic status, physical activity and total energy intake.

Garcia-Larsen and colleagues reported that adults who, on average, ate more than two tomatoes or more than three portions of fresh fruit a day had a slower decline in lung function compared to those who ate less than one tomato or less than one portion of fruit a day, respectively.

Indeed, the analysis showed a slower decline in lung function among all adults, including those who had never or had stopped smoking, with the highest tomato consumption, they said.

Among former smokers, the diet-lung-function connection was even more striking. Ex-smokers who ate a diet high in tomatoes and fruits had around 80 ml slower decline over the ten-year period.

This suggests that nutrients in their diets are helping to repair damage done by smoking, said the authors.

While the study survey inquired about other dietary sources of fruit and vegetables – such as dishes and processed foods containing fruits and vegetables like tomato sauce – the protective effect was only observed in fresh fruit and vegetables, they added.

"Lung function starts to decline at around age 30 at variable speed depending on the general and specific health of individuals,"​ said Garcia-Larsen "Our study suggests that eating more fruits on a regular basis can help attenuate the decline as people age, and might even help repair damage caused by smoking.”​

Source: European Respiratory Journal​
Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1183/13993003.02286-2016​
“Dietary antioxidants and 10-year lung function decline in adults from the ECRHS survey”​
Authors: Vanessa Garcia-Larsen, et al​